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<title>William Carruthers</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Carruthers</span></h1>

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<p><b>William Carruthers</b> (* <a href="29._Mai" title="29. Mai">29. Mai</a> <a href="1830" title="1830">1830</a> in <a href="Moffat_(Dumfries_and_Galloway)" title="Moffat (Dumfries and Galloway)">Moffat</a>, <a href="Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a>; † <a href="2._Juni" title="2. Juni">2. Juni</a> <a href="1922" title="1922">1922</a> in <a href="London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="London Borough of Croydon">Norwood</a>, <a href="Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>) war ein britischer <a href="Botaniker" class="mw-redirect" title="Botaniker">Botaniker</a> mit Schwerpunkt auf <a href="Pal%C3%A4obiologie" title="Paläobiologie">Paläobiologie</a>. Sein offizielles <a href="Autorenk%C3%BCrzel_der_Botaniker_und_Mykologen" title="Autorenkürzel der Botaniker und Mykologen">botanisches Autorenkürzel</a> lautet „<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">

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</style><span class="Person h-card">Carruth.</span>“.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Wirken">Leben und Wirken</h2></div>

<p>Carruthers war ein Sohn von Samuel Carruthers (1799–1888) und dessen Frau Elizabeth McLean († 1875). Er wurde zunächst an der Moffat Academy ausgebildet. 1845 begann er an der <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> zu studieren. 1854 setzte Carruthers sein Studium am New College fort, um <a href="Presbyterianische_Kirchen" title="Presbyterianische Kirchen">presbyterianischer</a> Geistlicher zu werden. Auf den Rat von <a href="John_Fleming_(Zoologe)" title="John Fleming (Zoologe)">John Fleming</a> wandte er sich den Naturwissenschaften zu. Zu seinen Lehrern gehörten <a href="John_Hutton_Balfour" title="John Hutton Balfour">John Hutton Balfour</a>, <a href="George_James_Allman" title="George James Allman">George James Allman</a> und <a href="John_Goodsir" title="John Goodsir">John Goodsir</a>. Carruthers lehrte für kurze Zeit Botanik am New Veterinary College in Edinburgh. Anschließend war er stellvertretender Sekretär der <a href="Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. Während dieser Tätigkeit lernte er <a href="Robert_Chambers_(Verleger%2C_1802)" title="Robert Chambers (Verleger, 1802)">Robert Chambers</a> kennen. Für die erste Auflage der Chambers’s Encyclopaedia (1859–1868) verfasste Carruthers geologische Artikel. Sein erster wissenschaftlicher Artikel über <a href="Graptolithen" title="Graptolithen">Graptolithen</a> erschien 1859. Im August 1859 wurde er durch Vermittlung von Balfour Assistent von John Joseph Bennett (1801–1876), der die botanische Abteilung des <a href="British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> leitete. Als Bennett 1871 in den Ruhestand ging, übernahm Carruthers dessen Posten.

</p><p>1865 heiratete er Jeanie Moffat, eine Tochter des Edinburgher Architekten William Moffat. Mit ihr hatte er zwei Söhne und eine Tochter.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ehrungen">Ehrungen</h2></div>

<p>Im Dezember 1858 wurde Carruthers Mitglied der Botanical Society of Edinburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Am 7. Februar 1861 wurde er Mitglied der <a href="Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>. Carruthers war mehrfach deren Vizepräsident und von 1886 bis 1890 Präsident. Am 4. Dezember 1867 wurde er in die <a href="Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a> aufgenommen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1870<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde Carruthers Ehrenmitglied der Geologists’ Association und war 1875 sowie 1876<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ihr Präsident. Am 8. Juni 1871 wurde Carruthers als Mitglied („<a href="Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a>“) in die <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> gewählt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1880<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wurde er Mitglied der <a href="Royal_Microscopical_Society" title="Royal Microscopical Society">Royal Microscopical Society</a>, deren Präsident der 1900 und 1901 war. 1886, beim 56. Treffen der <a href="British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, war er Präsident der biologischen Sektion (Sektion D).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Die Pflanzengattungen <i>Carruthersia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Seem.</span> (1866) der Familie der <a href="Hundsgiftgew%C3%A4chse" title="Hundsgiftgewächse">Hundsgiftgewächse</a> (Apocynaceae) und <i>Carruthia</i> <span class="Person h-card">Kuntze</span> (1891) der Familie der <a href="Mahagonigew%C3%A4chse" title="Mahagonigewächse">Mahagonigewächse</a> (Meliaceae) sind nach Carruthers benannt.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften_(Auswahl)"><span id="Schriften_.28Auswahl.29"></span>Schriften (Auswahl)</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Diatomaceae.</i> In: <a href="John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">John Edward Gray</a>: <i>Handbook of British water-weeds, or Algae.</i> R. Hardwicke, London 1864 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951000312840w&seq=81">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Unknown Mongolia. A record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria.</i> 2. Auflage, Hutchinson, London 1914 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.28299" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28299">doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28299</a>) – mit Jack Humphrey Miller.</li></ul>

<p><b>Zeitschriftenbeiträge</b>

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<ul><li><i>Dumfriesshire graptolites, with descriptions of three new species.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Royal physical Society of Edinburgh.</i> Band 1, 1859, S. 466–470 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42250380">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On some species of Oaks from Northern China, collected by W. F. Daniell, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.</i> In: <i>Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society. Botany.</i> Band 6, 1862, S. 32–33 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/166233">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On Araucarian cones from the secondary beds of Britain.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 3, Nr. 24, 1866, S. 249–252 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30552091">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Graptolites: Their Structure & Systematic Position.</i> In: <i>The Intellectual observer. Review of natural history, microscopic research, and recreative science.</i> Band 11, 1867, S. 283–292 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=3ZU5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA283">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Graptolites: Their Structure & Systematic Position – Part II.</i> In: <i>The Intellectual observer. Review of natural history, microscopic research, and recreative science.</i> Band 11, 1867, S. 365–374 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=3ZU5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA365">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Note on the Systematic Position of Graptolites, and on their supposed Ovarian Vesicles.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 4, Nr. 32, 1867, S. 70–72 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32511907">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On gymnospermatous fruits from the secondary rocks of Britain.</i> In: <i>Journal of botany, British and Foreign.</i> Band 5, Nr. 1, 1867, S. 1–21 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16232644">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>British fossil Pandaneae.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 5, Nr. 4, 1868, S. 153–156 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36244263">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On some undescribed coniferous fruits from the secondary rocks of Britain.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 6, Nr. 1, 1869, S. 1–7 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32512480">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure and affinities of Sigillaria and allied genera.</i> In: <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.</i> Band 25, 1869, S. 248–254 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36103093">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On Beania, a new genus of Cycadean fruit, from the Yorkshire Oolites.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 6, Nr. 3, 1869, S. 97–99 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32512580">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure of the stems of the arborescent Lycopodiaceae of the Coal measures.</i> In: <i>Monthly microscopical Journal.</i> Band 2, 1869, S. 177–181 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46828300">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure of the stems of the arborescent Lycopodiaceae of the Coal measures (Ulodendron minus, Lindl. and Hutt).</i> In: <i>Monthly microscopical Journal.</i> Band 2, 1869, S. 225–227 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46828356">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure of the stems of the arborescent Lycopodiaceae of the Coal measures. On the Nature of the Scars in the Stems of Ulodendron, Bothrodendron, and Megaphytum; with a Synopsis of the Species found in Britain.</i> In: <i>Monthly microscopical Journal.</i> Band 3, 1870, S. 144–154 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14255125">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure of the stems of the arborescent Lycopodiaceae of the Coal measures. On a Leaf-bearing Branch of a Species of Lepidodendron.</i> In: <i>Monthly microscopical Journal.</i> Band 7, 1872, S. 50–54 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14254683">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>The cryptogamic forests of the Coal Period.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 6, Nr. 7, 1869, S. 289–300 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32512782">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On fossil Cycadean stems from the secondary rocks of Britain.</i> In: <i>Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.</i> Band 26, Nr. 4, 1870, S. 675–708 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27273903">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the petrified forest near Cairo.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 7, 1870, S. 306–310 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32580687">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the structure of a fern-stem from the Lower Eocene of Herne Bay, and its allies, recent and fossil.</i> In: <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.</i> Band 26, 1870, S. 349–354 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39017946">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On some supposed vegetable fossils.</i> In: <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.</i> Band 27, 1871, S. 443–448 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35591146">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On two undescribed coniferous fruits from the secondary rocks of Britain.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 8, 1871, S. 540–544 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32578845">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Notes on some fossil plants.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 9, Nr. 2, 1872, S. 49–59 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32579554">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Notes on fossil plants from Queensland, Australia.</i> In: <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.</i> Band 28, 1872, S. 350–360 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34985369">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On the history, histological structure, and affinities of Nematophycus Logani, Carr. (Prototaxites Logani Dawson).</i> In: <i>Monthly microscopical Journal.</i> Band 8, 1872, S. 160–172 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14156805">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On Halonia of Lindley and Hutton and Cyclocladia of Goldenberg.</i> In: <i>The Geological magazine or, Monthly journal of geology.</i> Band 10, Nr. 4, 1873, S. 145–152 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32527572">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>On some Lycopodiaceous plants from the old red sandstone of the North of Scotland.</i> In: <i>Journal of botany, British and Foreign.</i> Band 11, 1873, S. 321–327 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34838184">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Address at the opening of the session 1875–76: November 5th, 1875.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association.</i> Band 5, Nr. 1, 1878, S. 1–16 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=l1fzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Address at the opening of the session 1876–77: November 3rd, 1876.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association.</i> Band 5, Nr. 1, 1878, S. 17–35 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=l1fzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA17">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li>[<i>Address delivered at the anniversary meeting of the Linnean Society of London on the 24th May 1889.</i>] In: <i>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1888/1889.</i> 1890, S. 12–31 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8330128">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>The President’s Address: On the Life and Work of Nehemiah Grew.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.</i> Band 22, Nr. 2, 1902, S. 129–141 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2202859">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>Amendments to the Paris Code of botanical Nomenclature suggested for consideration of the Vienna Congress of 1905 by the botanists of the British Museum, and others.</i> In: <i>Journal of botany, British and Foreign.</i> Band 42, 1904, S. 227–233 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35302528">Digitalisat</a>) – als Mitautor.</li>

<li><i>On the Original Portraits of Linnaeus.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1905/1906.</i> Band 118, 1906, S. 59–69 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8626784">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li><i>The Botanist’s Work, 1871–1909.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society.</i> Band 70, 1909, S. 5–12 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48848365">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Dr. William Carruthers, F.R.S.</i> In: <i>Nature.</i> Band 109, 1922, S. 787–788 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/109787a0" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/109787a0">doi:10.1038/109787a0</a>).</li>

<li>Ray Desmond: <i>Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers.</i> 2. Auflage, London 1994, ISBN 0-85066-843-3, S. 135.</li>

<li>[S. W. C.]: <i>Mr. William Carruthers, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S,, F.G.S,, &c.</i> In: <i>Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society.</i> Band 70, 1909, S. 1–5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53348412">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li>[B. D. J.]: <i>Dr. William Carruthers, F.R.S.</i> In <i>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.</i> Band 135, 1922–1923, 38–40 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8329466">Digitalisat</a>).</li>

<li>[A. B. R.]: <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased: William Carruthers: 1830–1922.</i> In: <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.</i> Band 97, Nr. 686, 1925, S. VI–VIII (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1925.0015" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1098/rspb.1925.0015">doi:10.1098/rspb.1925.0015</a>).</li>

<li>William G. Smith: <i>William Carruthers: 1830–1922.</i> In: <i>Transactions and proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.</i> Band 28, Edinburgh 1923, S. 118–121 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15238757">Digitalisat</a>).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Roll of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Corrected to November 1908.</i> In: <i>Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.</i> Band 23, Nr. 1–4, 1908, S. 383 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27143358">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.</i> Band 24, Teil 1, 1868, S. VII (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37048976">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annual Report of the Geologists’ Association for 1882.</i> London 1883, S. 10 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=UVjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annual Report of the Geologists’ Association for 1882.</i> London 1883, S. 2 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=UVjzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA6405&pos=1"><i>Carruthers; William (1830–1922)</i></a> im Archiv der <i><a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></i>, London<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Royal Microscopical Society. List of Fellows 1886.</i> S. 11 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b33157431/page/11/mode/1up">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Report of the fifty-sixth meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Birmingham in september 1886.</i> London 1887, S. 61 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29239766">online</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frans A. Stafleu, Richard S. Cowan: <i>Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates.</i> 2. Auflage, Band 1, 1976, S. 461 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=1#page/509">online</a>).</span>

</li>

</ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Carruthers_(botanist)?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: William Carruthers</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/search?q=author%20std%3ACarruth.">Autoreneintrag</a> für William Carruthers beim <a href="International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000001295">Carruthers, William (1830–1922)</a> bei <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.jstor.org/librarians/primary-sources/global-plants/">Global Plants</a></li></ul>

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Normdaten (Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117674494">117674494</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no93019216">no93019216</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41995962/">41995962</a></span> | </div>

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